Supplementary Material

BAA for Private Sector Partnership Addressing Emerging Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance

1) References

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2) Economic factors influencing the failure of smallholder investment in animal health

From an economic point of view, some of the factors playing a role in the lack of smallholder investment include:

Moral Hazard

Some farmers will underinvest in biosecurity based on the assumption that their neighbours will invest adequately, providing a degree of protection for the group

Perception of Risk

Farmers may perceive that the risk of high consequence diseases (TADs, emerging zoonoses and AMR) is low, relative to endemic disease problems they face every day.

Low Income Elasticity

Poor households may perceive investment in health as a luxury item.

Weakest Link

If there are different levels of investment in health and biosecurity by smallholders in the same area, the overall level of biosecurity for the entire population is only as good as that practiced by worst smallholder.

3) iSIKHNAS Indonesia’s Integrated Animal Health and Production Information System

Commercially funded surveillance and animal health services will be based on lessons learned from the iSIKHNAS